What property of conductors allows them to store electric charges when there is a voltage difference?

The ability of conductors to store electric charges when there is a voltage difference is known as capacitance. Capacitance is fundamentally linked to the physical structure of a conductor and its ability to hold an electric charge in an electric field. When a voltage is applied across two conductive plates, an electric field forms between them, allowing one plate to accumulate positive charge while the other accumulates negative charge.

This separation of charges results in the storage of electrical energy, which can later be discharged when needed. This property is essential in many electrical components, such as capacitors, which are designed specifically to exploit this characteristic of conductors.

The other properties mentioned, such as inductance and resistance, relate more to different aspects of electrical behavior. Inductance involves the creation of a magnetic field in response to changing current, while resistance concerns the opposition to the flow of electric current. Impedance combines resistance and reactance in alternating current circuits but does not specifically pertain to the ability to store charge. In contrast, capacitance directly pertains to the storage of electric charge in response to a voltage difference, making it the correct answer.